Shichen Zhang (Michigan State University), Qijun Wang (Michigan State University), Maolin Gan (Michigan State University), Zhichao Cao (Michigan State University), Huacheng Zeng (Michigan State University)

This paper aims to design and implement a radio device capable of detecting a person's handwriting through a wall. Although there is extensive research on radio frequency (RF) based human activity recognition, this task is particularly challenging due to the textit{through-wall} requirement and the textit{tiny-scale} handwriting movements. To address these challenges, we present RadSee---a 6 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system designed for detecting handwriting content behind a wall. RadSee is realized through a joint hardware and software design. On the hardware side, RadSee features a 6 GHz FMCW radar device equipped with two custom-designed, high-gain patch antennas. These two antennas provide a sufficient link power budget, allowing RadSee to "see'' through most walls with a small transmission power. On the software side, RadSee extracts effective phase features corresponding to the writer's hand movements and employs a bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) model with an attention mechanism to classify handwriting letters. As a result, RadSee can detect millimeter-level handwriting movements and recognize most letters based on their unique phase patterns. Additionally, it is resilient to interference from other moving objects and in-band radio devices. We have built a prototype of RadSee and evaluated its performance in various scenarios. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that RadSee achieves 75% letter recognition accuracy when victims write 62 random letters, and 87% word recognition accuracy when they write articles.

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Shanghao Shi (Virginia Tech), Ning Wang (University of South Florida), Yang Xiao (University of Kentucky), Chaoyu Zhang (Virginia Tech), Yi Shi (Virginia Tech), Y. Thomas Hou (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Wenjing Lou (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)

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Jung-Woo Chang (University of California, San Diego), Ke Sun (University of California, San Diego), Nasimeh Heydaribeni (University of California, San Diego), Seira Hidano (KDDI Research, Inc.), Xinyu Zhang (University of California, San Diego), Farinaz Koushanfar (University of California, San Diego)

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Zaid Hakami (Florida International University and Jazan University), Ashfaq Ali Shafin (Florida International University), Peter J. Clarke (Florida International University), Niki Pissinou (Florida International University), and Bogdan Carbunar (Florida International University)

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